مبانی نظری و پیشینه پژوهشی اثر اسكور بدني بر عمل‌کرد توليدي, برخی شاخص ها و بيماري‌هاي تولیدمثلی در گاوهاي شيري

با سحافایل در خدمت شما هستیم با «پیشینه پژوهشی و تحقیق و مبانی نظری اثر اسكور بدني بر عمل‌کرد توليدي, برخی شاخص ها و بيماري‌هاي تولیدمثلی در گاوهاي شيري» که بطور کامل و جامع به این مبحث پرداخته و نیاز شما را به هرگونه جستجوی بیشتری برطرف خواهد نمود.

فهرست محتوا

فصل دوم- کلیات      8

٢-١- نمره‌ي وضعيت بدني     8

٢- ١-١– تاريخچه ارزيابي نمره‌ي وضعيت بدني   8

۲-١-۲ -نحوه‌ي ارزيابي نمره‌ي وضعيت بدني   10

۲-۱-۳ -تاييد نمره‌ي وضعيت بدني با استفاده از اندازه گيري هاي اولتراسونيک   17

2-2- نمره‌ي وضعيت بدني و تغذیه     18

2-۳- تغييرات نمره‌ي وضعيت بدني در طول دوره ي شيردهي   19

٢- ۴- اثر نمره‌ي وضعيت بدني بر توليد شير     21

٢- ۵- اثر نمره‌ي وضعيت بدني بر تركيبات شير     25

٢- ۶- اثر نمره‌ي وضعيت بدني بر فاصله ي زايمان تا اولين تلقيح  26

٢- ٧- اثر نمره‌ي وضعيت بدني بر ميزان گيرايي از اولين تلقيح    26

٢- ٨- اثر نمره‌ي وضعيت بدني بر روز‌هاي باز      ٢7

٢- ۹- اثر نمره‌ي وضعيت بدني بر تعداد تلقيح به ازاي هر آبستني  28

٢- ١٠- اثر نمره‌ي وضعيت بدني بر ناهنجاري هاي متابوليكي29

منابع        65

كليات

2-1– نمره‌ي وضعيت بدني

امروزه دراثرپیشرفت ژنتیکی و پیشرفت­هاي حاصل شده در مدیریت صنعت گاو شیري ، گاوهاي شیري پر تولیدي به وجود آمده­اند كه نياز به مديريت بهتري در زمينه گاو شيري است[61]. يكي از بهترين ابزارهاي مديريتي، دادن اسكور بدني است كه براي توليد‌كنندگان به عنوان عاملي براي توليد، ارزيابي سلامت و وضعيت غذايي قلمداد مي­شود. اين روش كمك مي‌كند تا يك گروه يا گله گاو از نظر ذخاير بدن به ويژه چربي و ماهيچه ارزيابي شود. اسكور بدني در تمام مراحل چرخه توليد، تغذيه و مديريت ممكن است تغيير كند. اسكور بدني هر گاو، نشان دهنده قابليت توليد شير، توليدمثل و طول عمر اقتصادي گاو در گله مي‌باشد.

2-1-1 –تاريخچه ارزيابي نمره‌ي وضعيت بدني

ابتدا Jefferies در سال 1961 سيستم نمره‌ي وضعيت بدني براي ميش‌ها توصيف كرد[51]. اين سيستم شامل لمس زايده‌هاي ستون فقرات (Backbone process) و كمر (Lumbar process) بود كه تيزي و پوشش استخوان‌ها لمس مي­شود. به ميش­ها بر اساس يك درجه­بندي صفر تا پنج نمره داده مي­شد كه صفر نقطه­ي مرگ حيوان و پنج نشان دهنده حيوان بسيار چاق بود. اين تكنيك توسط Lowman و همكاران در سال 1976 براي نمره دادن به وضعيت بدني گاوهاي گوشتي به كار گرفته شد، كه در اين روش هم از يك درجه بندي صفر تا پنج استفاده شد[59]. در اين سيستم نيز لمس زايده­هاي ستون­فقرات و كمر انجام مي­شد. علاوه بر اين، لمس ناحيه انتهايي دم (Tail head region) را نيز شامل مي­شد. به دنبال آن Mulvany در سال1981، سيستمي براي استفاده در گاوهاي شيري بيان گرديد كه با يك سري تغييرات جزئي در نمره دادن در ناحيه كمر و انتهاي دم، مشابه نمره دادن به گاوهاي گوشتي بود[73]. Wildman در سال 1982، براي اولين بار سيستمي براي نمره دادن به وضعيت بدني گاوهاي شيري ابداع كرد كه در آن نمره دادن بر اساس يك درجه بندي يك تا پنج انجام مي شد[9۹].

تمام سيستم­هاي كه در بالا ذكر شد؛ شامل لمس كردن زايده­هاي ستون فقرات، كمر و انتهاي دم براي ارزيابي مقدار چربي زير پوست بود؛ بنابراين موقعي كه نمره دادن به وضعيت بدني انجام مي‌شد نياز بود تا حيوانات مهار شوند. در بسياري از سيستم­هاي توليدي به خصوص در گله‌هاي بزرگ متاسفانه اين نوع ارزيابي مشكل بود. از اين رو Edmonson در سال 1989 يك روشي براي ارزيابي وضعيت بدني بر پايه همان درجه بندي يك تا پنج ابداع شد كه افراد مشاهده‌گر مي­توانستند تحت شرايط مزرعه از آن استفاده كنند[25]. در اين روش كه امروزه هم از آن استفاده مي شود، هشت مرحله در سه ناحيه عمده شامل كمر(Pin) ، لگن(Pelvis) و انتهاي دم در نظر گرفته مي­شوند و افرادي كه تجربه داشته باشند مي­توانند به صورت ديداري هم وضعيت بدني گاوهاي شيري را ارزيابي كنند.

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