مبانی نظری و پیشینه پژوهشی کمردرد و ورزش بر آن

با سحافایل در خدمت شما هستیم با «پیشینه پژوهشی و تحقیق و مبانی نظری کمردرد و ورزش بر آن» که بطور کامل و جامع به این مبحث پرداخته و نیاز شما را به هرگونه جستجوی بیشتری برطرف خواهد نمود.

فهرست محتوا

فصل دوم مبانی نظری پیشینه تحقیق

2-1 : مقدمه17

2-2 :مبانی نظری18

2-2-1 : مبانی علمی درد18

2-2-2 : مکانیسم احساس درد18

2-2-3 : مکانیسم های درد در طناب نخاعی19

2-2-4 : تئوری کنترل دریچه ای درد20

2-2-5 : انواع درد21

2-2-5-1 : درد حاد و مزمن21

2-2-5-2 :دردهای نوروژنیک22

2-2-6 : نوروپلاستیسیتی سلولهای عصبی و دردهای مزمن23

2-2-7 : روشهای ارزیابی درددر بیماران با درد مزمن23

2-2-7-1: روش های اندازه گیری تک بعدی درد25

2-2-7-2: روش های اندازه گیری چند بعدی درد26

2-2-8 : کمردرد26

2-2-9 : ارزیابی اولیه کمردرد27

2-2-10 : کمردردهای مکانیکی29

2-2-10-1 : کمردردهای کمری-دنبالچه ای29

2-2-10-2 : کمردردهای ناشی از اسپوندیلوز کمری و یا استئوآرتریت29

2-2-11 : کمردردهای شغلی29

2-2-11-1 : مدیریت کمردردهای شغلی30

2-2-11-2 : مدیریت کمردردهای شغلی حاد31

2-2-11-2 : مدیریت کمردردهای شغلی مزمن33

2-2-12 : درمان های اختصاصی و مدیریت درد33

2-2-12-1 : روش های داروئی مدیریت درد34

2-2-12-2 : روش های غیر داروئی مدیریت درد34

2-2-13 : ورزش درمانی35

2-2-14 : دامنه حرکتی37

2-2-15 : یوگا40

2-2-15-1 : تاثیر تمرینات یوگابر کمردردهای مزمن41

2-2-16 : ماساژ42

2-2-16-1 : انواع ماساژ42

2-2-16-2 : مکانیسم های احتمالی تاثیر ماساژ43

2-2-16-3 : مکانیسم های بیومکانیکی ماساژ43

2-2-16-4 : تاثیر ماساژ بر دامنه حرکتی44

2-2-16-5 : مکانیسم های فیزیولوژیکی ماساژ44

2-2-16-6مکانیسم های نوروژنیکی ماساژ45

2-2-16-7 : تاثیر ماساژ بر کمردرد45

2-3 : پیشینه تحقیقات انجام شده 46

2-4 : جمع بندی56

منابع135

 

1 مقدمه

فصل حاضر به بررسی مبانی علمی و نظری درد پرداخته و روش های متداول  اندازه گیری درد را بیان نموده وبا معرفی مدل مشخصی از کمردردهای مزمن ، از دردهای اسکلتی -عضلانی به کمردردهای شغلی ونحوه مدیریت آنها می پردازد.ازمیان روشهای متداول مدیریت درد در طب مکمل، به معرفی دو روش “یوگا “و “ماساژ” پرداخته و نحوه تاثیرآن را بر اینگونه دردها بررسی می نماید.در انتها نیز به بیان تحقیقات انجام شده در این زمینه در داخل و خارج از کشور اشاره می نماید.

2-2.مبانی نظری

2-2-1. مبانی علمی درد

بنا به تعریف انجمن بین المللی مطالعه درد IASP [1] ، درد یک تجربه حسی و روحی ناخوشایند است که با آسیب احتمالی یا واقعی بافت در ارتباط بوده ویا در دوره های اینگونه آسیب ها بوجود می آید(109).

لوریمه ماسلی[2] محقق درمانهای فیزیکی در دانشگاه سیدنی  استرالیا بیان می دارد “دردیک برون ده چند سیستمی است که  با تحریک مغز به آن کمک می کند که از شرایط خطر آفرین خارج گردد”.

بطور کلی درد در سه سطح احساسی-افتراقی (از نظر شدت و محل درد )،انگیزشی-تظاهری (مانند  اضطراب و افسردگی )و شناختی-سنجشی شامل افکار و مفاهیم غلط ذهنی تجربه می گردد.همچنین به درد به عنوان پنجمین علامت حیاتی بشرنیز اطلاق می گردد(133).

2-2-2. مکانیسم احساس درد

در بدن پایانه های تخصص یافته ای در هر یک از اندامها وجود دارند که به درد حساس می باشند و اصطلاحا گیرنده های درد[3] نامیده می شوند.وقتی که ایمپالس ها از این پایانه های عصبی بگذرد و به مرحله بروز برسد ،درد حادث می گرددلازم است بدانیم درد در نتیجه تحریک پایانه های تخصص یافته فوق ایجاد شده و ناشی از تحریک بیش از حد پایانه های عصبی دیگر نمی باشد.بدنبال آسیب بافتی که به سلول ها وارد می گردد ، مواد شیمیایی خاصی آزاد و یا تشکیل می گردد که منجر به تحریک پایانه های تخصص یافته درد که ذکر آن رفت می گردند.

 

فهرست منابع

Akuthota, Venu, & Nadler, Scott F. (2004). Core strengthening. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 85, 86-92.

2.Anderson, Brent D. (2005). Randomized clinical trial comparing active versus passive approaches to the treatment of recurrent andchronic low back pain. University of Miami.

3.Andersson, Gunnar BJ. (1999). Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain. The lancet, 354(9178), 581-585.

4.Baecke, JA, Burema, Jan, & Frijters, JE. (1982). A short questionnaire for the measurement ofhabitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 36(5), 936-942.

5.Barnes, Patricia M, Powell-Griner, Eve, McFann, Kim, & Nahin, Richard L. (2004). Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States, 2002. Paper presented at the Seminars in Integrative Medicine.

6.Boone, DONNA C, & Azen, Stanley P. (1979). Normal range of motion of joints in male subjects. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 61(5), 756-759.

7.Bowsher, D. (1986). Pain Mechanisms in man. Medical times(114), 83-96.

8.Bowsher, D. (1991). Neurogenic pain syndromes and their management. British medical bulletin, 47(3), 644-666.

9.Brinkhaus, Benno, Witt, Claudia M, Jena, Susanne, Linde, Klaus, Streng, Andrea, Wagenpfeil, Stefan, . . . Willich, Stefan N. (2006). Acupuncture in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of internal medicine, 166(4), 450-457.

10.Bronfort, Gert, Haas, Mitch, Evans, Roni, Kawchuk, Greg, & Dagenais, Simon. (2008). Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with spinal manipulation and mobilization. The Spine Journal, 8(1), 213-225.

11.Cafarelli, E, & Flint, F. (1992). The role of massage in preparation for and recovery from exercise. Sports Medicine, 14(1), 1-9.

12.Carr, Daniel B, &Goudas, Leonidas C. (1999). Acute pain. The Lancet, 353(9169), 2051-2058.

13.Caspersen, Carl J, Powell, Kenneth E, & Christenson, Gregory M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public health reports, 100(2), 126.

14.chatlani, Mohini. (2002). Yoga flows

15.Cherkin, Daniel C, Deyo, Richard A, Battié, Michele, Street, Janet, & Barlow, William. (1998). A comparison of physical therapy, chiropractic manipulation, and provision of aneducational booklet for the treatment of patients with low back pain. New England Journal of Medicine, 339(15), 1021-1029.

16.Cherkin, Daniel C, Eisenberg, David, Sherman, Karen J, Barlow, William, Kaptchuk, Ted J, Street, Janet, & Deyo, Richard A. (2001). Randomized trial comparing traditional Chinese medical acupuncture, therapeutic massage, and self-care education for chronic low back pain. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(8), 1081-1088.

17.Cherkin, Daniel C, Sherman, Karen J, Kahn, Janet, Wellman, Robert, Cook, Andrea J, Johnson, Eric, . . . Deyo, Richard A. (2011). A comparison of the effects of 2 types of massage and usual care on chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Annals of internal medicine, 155(1), 1-9.

18.Choobineh, Alireza, Lahmi, Mohammadali, Shahnavaz, Houshang, Jazani, R Khani, & Hosseini, Mostafa. (2004). Musculoskeletal symptoms as related to ergonomic factors in Iranian hand-woven carpet industry and general guidelines for workstation design. International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics, 10(2), 157-168.

19.Chopra, Deepak, & Simon, David. (2005). The seven spiritual laws of yoga: A practical guide to healing body, mind, and spirit: John Wiley & Sons.

20.Chung, SinHo, Lee, JuSang, & Yoon, JangSoon. (2013). Effectsof Stabilization Exercise Using a Ball on Mutifidus Cross-Sectional Area in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain. Journal of sports science & medicine, 12(3), 533.

21.Cieza, Alarcos, Stucki, Gerold, Weigl, Martin, Disler, Peter, Jackel, Wilfried, van der Linden, Sjef, . . . de Bie, Rob. (2004). ICF Core Sets for low back pain. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 36(0), 69-74.

22.Cohen, Lorenzo, Warneke, Carla, Fouladi, Rachel T, Rodriguez, M, & Chaoul‐Reich, Alejandro. (2004). Psychological adjustment and sleep quality in a randomized trial of the effects of a Tibetan yoga intervention in patients with lymphoma. Cancer, 100(10), 2253-2260.

23.D.Waldman, steven. (2011a). pain management. Elsevier.

24.De Domenico, Giovanni. (2007). Beard’s Massage: Principles and Practice of Soft Tissue Manipulation: Elsevier Health Sciences.

25.Descarreaux, Martin, Normand, Martin C, Laurencelle, Louis, & Dugas, Claude. (2002). Evaluation of a specific home exercise program for low back pain. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics, 25(8), 497-503.

25.Dion, Liza, Rodgers, Nancy, Cutshall, Susanne M, Cordes, Mary Ellen, Bauer, Brent, Cassivi, Stephen D, & Cha, Stephen. (2011). Effect of massage on pain management for thoracic surgery patients. International journal of therapeutic massage & bodywork, 4(2), 2.

27.Ebrahimi-Nejad, Gholam Reza, Ebrahimi-Nejad, Ali, Kohan, Simin, & Bahrampour, Abas. (2004). The evaluationof pain in neurosurgical patients before and after operation in Kerman Shahid Bahonar Hospital according to the McGill pain questionnaire. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 11(2), 119-125.

28.Ernst, E. (2003). The safety of massage therapy. Rheumatology, 42(9), 1101-1106.

29.Ernst, E. (2004). Manual therapies for pain control: chiropractic and massage. The Clinical journal of pain, 20(1), 8-12.

30.Ezzo, Jeanette, Haraldsson, Bodhi G, Gross, Anita R, Myers, Cynthia D, Morien, Annie, Goldsmith, Charlie H, . . . Peloso, Paul M. (2007). Massage for mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. Spine, 32(3), 353-362.

31.Farahpour N, Yazdani S, Bahram A, Farajollahi N. (2005). Interactions between chronic low back pain, isometric muscle force of thetrunks flexors and extensors and exercise therapy Journal of Movement Science & Sports 2(4): 106-22.

32.Farrell, JP, Koury, M, & Taylor, CD. (2000). Therapeutic exercise for back pain. Physical Therapy of the Low Back. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, 327-350.

33.Fatemy, E, Bakhtiyari, AH, Alizadeh, A, Ghasemi, F, Mahmoudi, S, & Ghorbani, R. (2010). The Effect of Swedish Massage on Knee Osteoarthritis. HBI_Journals, 8(3), 200-204.

34.Field, Tiffany, Diego, Miguel, Delgado, Jeannette, Garcia, Daniel, & Funk, CG. (2011). Hand pain is reduced by massage therapy. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 17(4), 226-229.

35.Franke, A, Franke, K, Gebauer, S, & Brockow, T. (2000). Acupuncture massage vs. Swedish massage and individual exercises vs. group exercises in low back pain sufferers: a randomised clinical trial in a 2× 2‐factorial design. Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 5(1), 88-89.

36.Gajdosik, Richard L, & Bohannon, Richard W. (1987). Clinical measurement of range of motion review of goniometry emphasizing reliability and validity. Physical Therapy, 67(12), 1867-1872.

37.Galantino, ML, Bzdewka, TM, Eissler-Russo, JL, Holbrook, ML, Mogck, EP, Geigle, P, & Farrar, JT. (2004). The impact of modified Hatha yoga on chronic low back pain: a pilot study. Alternative therapies in health and medicine, 10(2), 56.

38.Galantino, ML, Bzdewka, Todd M, Eissler-Russo, JL, Holbrook, Matthew L, Mogck, Eric P, Geigle, Paula, & Farrar, John T. (2003). The impact of modified Hatha yoga on chronic low back pain: a pilot study. Alternative therapies in health and medicine, 10(2), 56-59.

39.Galloway, SDR, & Watt, JM. (2004). Massage provision by physiotherapists at major athletics events between 1987 and 1998. British journal of sports medicine, 38(2), 235-237.

40.Garfinkel, Marian S, Schumacher Jr, H Ralph, Husain, ABID, Levy, Marvin, & Reshetar, RA. (1994). Evaluation of a yoga based regimen for treatment of osteoarthritis of the hands. The Journal of rheumatology, 21(12), 2341-2343.

41.Garfinkel, Marian S, Singhal, Atul, Katz, Warren A, Allan, David A, Reshetar, Rosemary, & Schumacher Jr, H Ralph. (1998a). Yoga-based intervention for carpal tunnel syndrome. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association, 280(18), 1601-1603.

42.Garfinkel, Marian S, Singhal, Atul, Katz, Warren A, Allan, David A, Reshetar, Rosemary, & Schumacher Jr, H Ralph. (1998b). Yoga-based intervention for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized trial. Jama, 280(18), 1601-1603.

43.Garfinkel, MS, Schumacher Jr, HR, Husain, ABID, Levy, M, & Reshetar, RA. (1994). Evaluation of a yoga based regimen for treatment of osteoarthritis of the hands. The Journal of rheumatology, 21(12), 2341-2343.

44.Garrouste-Orgeas, Maité, Troché, Gilles, Azoulay, Elie, Caubel, Antoine, de Lassence, Arnaud, Cheval, Christine, . . . Cohen, Yves. (2004). Body mass index. Intensive care medicine, 30(3), 437-443.

45.Garvey, Timothy A, Marks, Michael R, & Wiesel, Sam W. (1989). A prospective, randomized, double-blind evaluation of trigger-point injection therapy for low-back pain. Spine, 14(9), 962-964.

46.Gilron, Ian, Watson, C Peter N, Cahill, Catherine M, & Moulin, Dwight E. (2006). Neuropathic pain: a practical guide for the clinician. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 175(3), 265-275.

47.Gleim, Gilbert W, & McHugh, Malachy P. (1997). Flexibility and its effects on sports injury and performance. Sports Medicine, 24(5), 289-299.

48.Hadi, Ne, & Hadi, Na. (2007). Effects of hatha yoga on well-being in healthy adults in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 13(4), 829-837.

49.Harris, Melodee, & Richards, Kathy C. (2010). The physiological and psychological effects of slow‐stroke back massage and hand massage on relaxation in older people. Journal of clinical nursing, 19(7‐8), 917-926.

50.Hayden, Jill A, Van Tulder, Maurits W, & Tomlinson, George. (2005). Systematic review: strategies for using exercise therapy to improve outcomes in chronic low back pain. Annals of internal medicine, 142(9), 776-785.

51.Hernandez-Reif, Maria, Field, Tiffany, Krasnegor, Josh, Hossain, Z, Theakston, Hillary, & Burman, I. (2000). High blood pressure and associated symptoms were reduced by massage therapy. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies, 4(1), 31-38.

52.Hernandez-Reif, Maria, Field, Tiffany, Krasnegor, Josh, & Theakston, Hillary. (2001). Lower back pain is reduced and range of motion increased after massage therapy. International Journal of Neuroscience, 106(3-4), 131-145.

53.Heyward, Vivian H, & Wagner, Dale R. (2004). Applied body composition assessment.

54.Hoiriis, Kathryn T, Pfleger, Bruce, McDuffie, Frederic C, Cotsonis, George, Elsangak, Omar, Hinson, Roger, & Verzosa, Gregoria T. (2004). A randomized clinical trial comparing chiropractic adjustments to muscle relaxants for subacute low back pain. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics, 27(6), 388-398.

55.Iyengar, Bellur Krishnamukar Sundara. (2007). BKS Iyengar yoga: The path to holistic health: Penguin.

56.Izadpanah S, Marandi M, Bambaeichi E,Baghernazariyan A,Noriyan K,. (2008). Effects of regular Yogapracticing on hand srength , foot flexibility and anaerobic power of working non-athlet women. sport science survey(23), 37-48.

57.Jabari M, Kashani KH. (2002). Survey of superfluity of vertebra disk of lumber in patient returnee to radiology unit in Hamedan city. Journal of Hamedan university (JHU), ; 2(11): 35-7. .

58.Jackson, Allen W, Morrow Jr, James R, Brill, Patricia A, Kohl III, Harold W, Gordon, Neil F, & Blair, Steven N. (1998). Relations of sit-up and sit-and-reach tests to low back pain in adults. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 27(1), 22-26.

59.Jain, Suresh C, Uppal, Alka, Bhatnagar, SOD, & Talukdar, B. (1993). A study of response pattern of non-insulin dependent diabetics to yoga therapy. Diabetes Research and clinical practice, 19(1), 69-74.

60.Jarolahi F, Delphi, Tahaie S, Modarresi Y, M, Kamali, Jafari M, . . . Kalani N. (2012). Effects of Swedish massage

61.techniques and therapeutic exercise on patellofemoral pain syndrome. Research in Rehabilitation Sciences(2).

62.Karimi, Noureddin, Ebrahimi, Ismaeil, Ezzati, Kamran, Kahrizi, Sedigheh, Torkaman, Giti, & Arab, Amir Massoud. (2009). The effects of consecutive supervised stability training on postural balance in patients with chronic low back pain. Pakistan J Med Sci, 25(2), 177-181.

63.Kawade, Mrs RC. (2011). Yoga Improves Flexibility. Variorum, Multi-Disciplinary e-Research Journal, 1(3), 1-6.

64.Kelly, Dermot J, Ahmad, Mahmood, & Brull, Sorin J. (2001). Preemptive analgesia I: physiological pathways and pharmacological modalities. Canadian journal of anaesthesia, 48(10), 1000-1010.

65.Kendall, Florence Peterson, McCreary, Elizabeth Kendall, Provance, Patricia Geise, & Abeloff, Diane K. (1993). Muscles: testing and function.

66.Khalsa, SB. (2007a). Yoga as a therapeutic intervention. Principles and practice of stress management, 449-462.

67.Khalsa, SB. (2007b). Yoga as a therapeutic intervention. Principles and practice of stress management, 3, 449-462.

68.Kilpatrick, Alicia. (2013). Is Yoga Effective in Improving Functional Disability in Adults with Chronic Low Back Pain?

69.Kim, Ho-Jun, Chung, Seokhee, Kim, Sungsoo, Shin, Hyundae, Lee, Jongsoo, Kim, Sehyun, & Song, Mi-Yeon. (2006). Influences of trunk muscles on lumbar lordosis and sacral angle. European Spine Journal, 15(4), 409-414.

70.Kolasinski, Sharon L, Garfinkel, Marian, Tsai, Adam Gilden, Matz, Whitney, Dyke, Alison Van, & Schumacher Jr, H Ralph. (2005). Iyengar yoga for treating symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knees: a pilot study. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 11(4), 689-693.

71.Kong, Ling Jun, Zhan, Hong Sheng, Cheng, Ying Wu, Yuan, Wei An, Chen, Bo, & Fang, Min. (2013). Massage therapy for neck and shoulder pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013.

72.Kuttner, Leora, Chambers, Christine T, Hardial, Janine, Israel, David M, Jacobson, Kevan, & Evans, Kathy. (2006). A randomized trial of yoga for adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome. Pain Research & Management: The Journal of the Canadian Pain Society, 11(4), 217.

73.Lee, Joon-Hee, Ooi, Yoshio, & Nakamura, Kozo. (1995). Measurement of muscle strength of the trunk and the lower extremities in subjects with history of low back pain. Spine, 20(18), 1994-1996.

74.Leivadi, Stella, Hernandez-Reif, Maria, Field, Tiffany, O’Rourke, Maureen, D’Arienzo, Susan, Lewis, Daniel, . . . Kuhn, Cynthia. (1999). Massage therapy and relaxation effects on university dance students. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science, 3(3), 108-112.

75.Lewis, Mark, & Johnson, Mark I. (2006). The clinical effectiveness of therapeutic massage for musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review. Physiotherapy, 92(3), 146-158.

76.LG, Jenis. (2005). Low back pain. 1st ed. Rosemont IL: American Academy of orthopedic surgeons  21-40.

77.Liebenson, Craig, Karpowicz, Amy M, Brown, Stephen HM, Howarth, Samuel J, & McGill, Stuart M. (2009). The active straight leg raise test and lumbar spine stability. PM&R, 1(6), 530-535.

78.Liemohn, Wendell, & Pariser, Gina. (2002). Core strength: Implications for fitness and low back pain. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal, 6(5), 10&hyhen.

79.Lotze M, Moseley L. (2007). Role of distorted body image in pain. current Rheumatology reports, 9(6), 488.

80.Lund, Iréne. (2000). Massage as a pain relieving method. Physiotherapy, 86(12), 638-654.

81.MA, Mohseni. (2005). Related factors in low back pain in nurses. Gorgan Medical Science University Journal, ; 15(50): 118-24.

82.MA, R Thomas Beggs. (2013). Yoga for chronic low back pain: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain Res Manag, 18(5), 267.

83.Mackenzie, Brian. (2005). 101 performance evaluation tests. Jonathan Pye, 87-89.

84.Magnusson, SP. (1998). Passive properties of human skeletal muscle during stretch maneuvers. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 8(2), 65-77.

855.Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. (2000). Epidemiology of low back pain. Pain physician, 3(2), 167-192.

86.Mannion, Anne F, Taimela, Simo, Müntener, Markus, & Dvorak, Jiri. (2001). Active therapy for chronic low back pain: part 1. Effects on back muscle activation, fatigability, and strength. Spine, 26(8), 897-908.

87.Marras, WS. (2000). Occupational low back disorder causation and control. Ergonomics, 43(7), 880-902.

88.Marras, WS, & Wongsam, PE. (1986). Flexibility and velocity of the normal and impaired lumbar spine. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 67(4), 213-217.

89.McCaffrey, Ruth, Ruknui, Pratum, Hatthakit, Urai, & Kasetsomboon, Payao. (2005). The effects of yoga on hypertensive persons in Thailand. Holistic nursing practice, 19(4), 173-180.

90.McGill, Stuart, Belore, Melanie, Crosby, Ian, & Russell, Caryl. (2010). Clinical tools to quantify torso flexion endurance: Normative data from student and firefighter populations. Occupational Ergonomics, 9(1), 55-61.

91.Medicine, American College of Sports. (2013). ACSM’s health-relatedphysical fitness assessment manual: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

92.Melzack R, Wall PD. (1965). Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science(150), 971-979.

93.Melzack, Ronald. (1975). The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain, 1(3299-277.(

94.Melzack, Ronald, & Katz, Joel. (2001). The McGill Pain Questionnaire: appraisal and current status: Guilford Press.

95.Melzack, Ronald, & Wall, Patrick D. (1967). Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Survey of Anesthesiology, 11(2), 89-90.

96.Mohseni-Bandpei, Mohammad A, Ahmad-Shirvani, Marjan, Golbabaei, Nazanin, Behtash, Hamid, Shahinfar, Zahra, & Fernández-de-las-Peñas, César. (2011). Prevalence and risk factors associated with low back pain in Iranian surgeons. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics, 34(6), 362-370.

97.Mohseni-Bandpei, Mohammad A, Fakhri, Moulod, Ahmad-Shirvani, Marjan, Bagheri-Nessami, Masumeh, Khalilian, Ali Reza, Shayesteh-Azar, Masoud, & Mohseni-Bandpei, Hakimeh. (2009). Low back pain in 1,100 Iranian pregnant women: prevalence and risk factors. The Spine Journal, 9(10), 795-801.

98.Mohseni-Bandpei, Mohammad A, Stephenson, Richard, & Richardson, Barbara. (1998). Spinal manipulation in the treatment of low back pain: a review of the literature with particular emphasis on randomized controlled clinical trials. Physical Therapy Reviews, 3(4), 185-194.

99.Morelli, Moreno, Seaborne, Derek E, & Sullivan, S John. (1990). Changes in H-reflex amplitude during massage of triceps surae in healthy subjects. Journal of Orthopaedic&Sports Physical Therapy, 12(2), 55-59.

100.Murray, Eoghan, Birley, Emma, Twycross-Lewis, Richard, & Morrissey, Dylan. (2009). The relationship between hip rotation range of movement and low back pain prevalence in amateur golfers: an observational study. Physical Therapy in Sport, 10(4), 131-135.

101.Murugesan, R, Govindarajulu, N, & Bera, TK. (2000). Effect of selected yogic practices on the management of hypertension. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 44(2), 207-210.

102.Nachemson, Alf L. (1992). Newest knowledge of low back pain a critical look. Clinical Orthopaedics and related research, 279, 8-20.

103.Nachemson, All, Waddell, G, & Norlund, AL. (2000). Epidemiology of neck and low back pain. Neck and Back Pain: The scientific evidence of causes, diagnosis and treatment, 165-188.

104.Nadler, Scott F, Malanga, GERARD A, Bartoli, LISA A, Feinberg, Joseph H, Prybicien, Michael, & DePrince, Melissa. (2002). Hip muscle imbalance and low back pain in athletes: influence of core strengthening. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34(1), 9-16.

105.Norkin, Cynthia C, & White, D Joyce. (2009). Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry: FA Davis.

106.Norton, Kevin, & Olds, Tim. (1996). Anthropometrica: a textbook of body measurement for sports and health courses: UNSW press.

107.Norton, Kevin, Whittingham, Nancy, Carter, Lindsay, Kerr, Deborah, Gore, Christopher, & Marfell-Jones, Michael. (1996). Measurement techniques in anthropometry. Anthropometrica, 1, 25-75.

108.Oken, BS, Kishiyama, S, Zajdel, D, Bourdette, D, Carlsen, J, Haas, M, . . . Mass, M. (2004). Randomized controlled trial of yoga and exercise in multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 62(11), 2058-2064.

109. International Association for the study of Pain. (1986). CLASSIFICATION OF CHRONIC PAIN
110. IASP PRESS ,DESCRIPTIONS OF CHRONIC PAIN SYNDROMESAND DEFINITIONS OF PAIN TERMS. SEATTLE, second edition.

111.Panahi, Fatemeh, & Kamali Sarvestani, Fahimeh. (2011). Massage and modality effects on treatment of sub-acute and chronic non specific low back pain. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 155

112.Parati, Gianfranco, Asmar, Roland, & Stergiou, George S. (2002). Self blood pressure monitoring at home by wrist devices: a reliable approach? Journal of hypertension, 20(4), 573-578.

113.Parshad, O. (2004).(Role of yoga in stress management. West Indian med. j, 53(3), 191-194.

114.Patel, Chandra, & North, WRS. (1979). Randomized controlled trial of yoga and biofeedback in management of hypertension Mind/body integration (pp. 535-540): Springer.

115.Perloff, Dorothee, Grim, Carlene, Flack, John, Frohlich, Edward D, Hill, Martha, McDonald, Mary, & Morgenstern, Bruce Z. (1993). Human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometry. Circulation, 88(5), 2460-2470.

116.Pincus, Tamar, Burton, A Kim, Vogel, Steve, & Field, Andy P. (2002). A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back pain. Spine, 27(5), E109-E120.

117.Pisters, Martijn F, Veenhof, Cindy, Van Meeteren, Nico LU, Ostelo, Raymond W, De Bakker, Dinny H, Schellevis, Francois G, & Dekker, Joost. (2007). Long‐Term effectiveness of exercise therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: A systematic review. Arthritis Care & Research, 57(7), 1245-1253.

118.Pope, Malcolm H, Phillips, Reed B, Haugh, Larry D, Hsieh, Chang-Yu J, MacDonald, Lise, & Haldeman, Scott. (1994). A prospective randomized three-week trial of spinal manipulation, transcutaneous muscle stimulation, massage and corset in the treatment of subacute low back pain. Spine, 19(2 2577-2571.(

119.Portenoy, Russell K, & Hagen, Neil A. (1990). Breakthrough pain: definition, prevalence and characteristics. Pain, 41(3), 273-281.

120.Preyde, Michele. (2000). Effectiveness of massage therapy for subacute low-back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 162(13), 1815-1820.

121.R. Melzack. (1991). The gate control theory 25 years later: new

121. perspectives on phantom limb pain. Pain research and therapy: Proceedingsof the VIth World Congress on Pain(Amsterdam:Elsevier), 12.

122.Rajabi, Reza. (1387). corrective movement for  graduate students. Hatmi.(persian)

 

123.SA, Derakhshan Rad, Kamali, Fahimeh, Dastgheibi, Seyed Mohammadreza, & Alipour, Abas. (2011). Prevalence and associated factors of spinal pain among food industry workers in the city of Shiraz. Journal of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences.

124.Sall, JA, & Sall, JS. (1986). Non-operative treatment of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc with radiculopathy. Spine, 14, 431-438.

125.Saper, Robert B, Sherman, Karen J, Cullum-Dugan, Diana, Davis, Roger B, Phillips, Russell S, & Culpepper, Larry. (2009). Yoga for chronic low back pain in a predominantly minority population: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Alternative therapies in health and medicine, 155-156

126.Saraswati, Swami Satyananda, & Hiti, Janez Kristijan. (1996). Asana pranayama mudra bandha: Bihar Yoga Bharati.

127.Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Kelishadi, Roya, Baghaei, Abdulmehdi, Hussein Sadri, Gholam, Malekafzali, Hossein, Mohammadifard, Noushin, . . . O’Laughlin, Jenniffer. (2008). Metabolic syndrome: an emerging public health problem in Iranian women: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program. International journal of cardiology, 131(1), 90-96. (persian)

128.Schenk, Ronald J, Doran, Rodney L, & Stachura, John J. (1996). Learningeffects of a back education program. Spine, 21(19), 2183-2188.

129.services, Department of health and human. (2005). Palliative care. care management guidlines.

130.Shaffer, HJ, LaSalvia, TA, & Stein, JP. (1997). Comparing Hatha yoga with dynamic group psychotherapy for enhancing methadone maintenance treatment: a randomized clinical trial. Alternative therapies in health and medicine, 3(4), 57-66.

131.Sherman, Karen J, Cherkin, Daniel C, Erro, Janet, Miglioretti, Diana L, & Deyo, Richard A. (2005). Comparing Yoga, Exercise, and a Self-Care Book for Chronic Low Back PainA Randomized, Controlled Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 143(12), 849-856.

132.Shoja Aldin, SSAD, SADEGHI, HEYDAR, & BAYAT, TORK M. (2008). Relationship between the trunk muscles endurance andanthropometric characters with low back pain among athletes with lumbar lordosis. Journal of Movement Science.

133.Simmonds, Maureen J, Moseley, G Lorimer, & Vlaeyen, Johan WS. (2008). Pain, mind, and movement: an expanded, updated, and integrated conceptualization. The Clinical journal of pain, 24(4), 279-280.

134.Staal, JB, Hlobil, H, Van Tulder, MW, Waddell, Gordon, Burton, A Kim, Koes, BW, & Van Mechelen, W. (2003). Occupational health guidelines for the management of low back pain: an international comparison. Occupational and environmental medicine, 60(9), 618-626.

135.Stanković, Anita, Lazović, Milica, Kocić, Mirjana, & Zlatanović, Dragan. (2008). Spinal segmental stabilization exercises combined with traditional strengthening exercise program in patients with chronic low back pain. Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis, 25(3), 165-170.

136.Sterling M, Jull G, Wright A. (2001). The effect of musculoskeletal pain onmotor activity and control. journal of pain, 2(3), 135-145.

137.Strand, Liv Inger, Moe-Nilssen, Rolf, & Ljunggren, Anne Elisabeth. (2002). Back Performance Scale for the assessment of mobility-related activities in people with back pain. Physical therapy, 82(12), 1213-1223.

138.Sullivan, M Scott, Shoaf, Lisa Donegan, & Riddle, Daniel L. (2000). The relationship of lumbar flexion to disability in patients with low back pain. Physical Therapy, 80(3), 240-250.

139.Taneja, Indu, Deepak, KK, Poojary, G, Acharya, IN, Pandey, RM, & Sharma, MP. (2004). Yogic versus conventional treatment in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized control study. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 29(1), 19-33.

140.Taylor, Rachael W, Keil, Debbie, Gold, Elspeth J, Williams, Sheila M, & Goulding, Ailsa. (1998). Body mass index, waist girth, and waist-to-hip ratio as indexes of total and regional adiposity in women: evaluation using receiver operating characteristic curves. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 67(1), 44-49.

141.Thygerson, A.L. and Larson, K.L. (2006). Fit to be well. Jones and Bartlett publishers, Sudbury, Massachusetts. Boston, Toronto, London, Singapore, 59–

142.Tran, Mark D, Holly, Robert G, Lashbrook, Jake, & Amsterdam, Ezra A. (2001). Effects of Hatha Yoga Practice on the Health‐Related Aspects of Physical Fitness. Preventive cardiology, 4(4), 165-170.

143.Tsao, Jennie CI. (2007). Effectiveness of massage therapy for chronic, non-malignant pain: a review. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 4(2), 165-179.

144.Van Puymbroeck, Marieke, Payne, Laura L, & Hsieh, Pei-Chun. (2007). A phase I feasibility study of yoga on the physical health and coping of informal caregivers. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 4(4), 519-529.

145.Vedanthan, PK, Kesavalu, Lakshmyya N, Murthy, Krishna C, Duvall, Kirby, Hall, Maryj J, Baker, Sheila, & Nagarathna, S. (1998). Clinical study of yoga techniques in university students with asthma: a controlled study. Paper presented at the Allergy and asthma proceedings.

146.Verbunt, Jeanine A, Sieben, Judith M, Seelen, Henk AM, Vlaeyen, Johan WS, Bousema, Eric J, Heijden, Geert J, & Knottnerus, J André. (2005). Decline in physical activity, disability and pain‐related fear in sub‐acute low back pain. European Journal of Pain, 9(4), 417-417.

147.Villien, Florence, Yu, Melody, Barthélémy, Pierre, & Jammes, Yves. (2005). Training to yoga respiration selectively increases respiratory sensation in healthy man. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, 146(1), 85-96.

148.Visweswaraiah, Naveen K, & Telles, Shirley. (2004). Randomized trial of yoga as a complementary therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis. Respirology, 9(1), 96-101.

149.Walach, Harald, Güthlin, Corina, & König, Miriam. (2003). Efficacy of massage therapy in chronic pain: a pragmatic randomizedtrial. The Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 9(6), 837-846.

150.Weerapong, Pornratshanee, & Kolt, Gregory S. (2005). The mechanisms of massage and effects on performance, muscle recovery and injury prevention. Sports Medicine, 35(3), 235-256.

151.Weir, Adam, Darby, Jennifer, Inklaar, Han, Koes, Bart, Bakker, Erik, & Tol, Johannes L. (2010). Core stability: inter-and intraobserver reliability of 6 clinical tests. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 20(1), 34-38.

152.Wendel-Vos, GC, Schuit, A Jantine, Saris, Wim HM, & Kromhout, Daan. (2003). Reproducibility and relative validity of the short questionnaire to assess health-enhancing physical activity. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 56(12), 1163-1169.

153.Wiktorsson-Moller, Margareta, Öberg, Birgitta, Ekstrand, Jan, & Gillquist, Jan. (1983). Effects of warming up, massage, and stretching on range of motion and muscle strength in the lower extremity. The American journal of sports medicine, 11(4), 249-252.

154.Wilder, David G, Aleksiev, Assen R, Magnusson, Marianne L, Pope, Malcolm H, Spratt, Kevin F, & Goel, Vijay K. (1996). Muscular response to sudden load: a tool to evaluate fatigue and rehabilitation. Spine, 21(22), 2628-2639.

155.Williams, Kimberly, Abildso, Christiaan, Steinberg, Lois, Doyle, Edward, Epstein, Beverly, Smith, David, . . . Cooper, Linda. (2009). Evaluation of the effectiveness and efficacy of Iyengar yoga therapy on chronic low back pain. Spine, 34(19), 2066-2076.

156.Williams, Kimberly Anne, Petronis, John, Smith, David, Goodrich, David, Wu, Juan, Ravi, Neelima, . . . Gross, Richard. (2005). Effect of Iyengar yoga therapy for chronic low back pain. Pain, 115(1), 107-117.

157.Willison, Kevin Donald. (2006). Integrating Swedish massage therapy with primary health care initiatives as part of a holistic nursing approach. Complementary therapies in medicine, 14(4), 254-260.

158.Willson, John D, Dougherty, Christopher P, Ireland, Mary Lloyd, & Davis, Irene McClay. (2005). Core stability and its relationship to lower extremity function and injury. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 13(5), 316-325.

159.Woolery, Alison, Myers, Hector, Sternlieb, B, & Zeltzer, Lonnie. (2004). A yoga intervention for young adults with elevated symptoms of depression. Alternative therapies in health and medicine, 10(2), 60-63.

160.Woolf, Clifford J, & Mannion, Richard J. (1999). Neuropathic pain: aetiology, symptoms, mechanisms, and management. The lancet, 353(9168), 1959-1964.

161.Yeung, Kong TSZ. (2011). THE VALIDITY OF MODIFIED PLANK TEST IN ASSESSING CORE MUSCLE FUNCTION IN MALE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: P.

162.Zadeh, Mahshid Nazem, Rezvani, Mehdi, Jalalodini, Alia, Navidian, Ali, Yosefian, Nazanin, Ghalje, Mahnaz, & Pournamdar, Zahra. (2013). The effect of reflexology massage on physiological parameters in patients with chronic low back pain. Pajoohandeh Journal, 17(6), 286-290.

163.Zehr, Paul E. (2002). Considerations for use of the Hoffmann reflex in exercise studies. European journal of applied physiology, 86(6), 455-468.

164.Zeitlin, Diane, Keller, Steven E, Shiflett, Samuel C, Schleifer, Steven J, & Bartlett, Jacqueline A. (2000). Immunological effects of massage therapy during academic stress. Psychosomatic medicine, 62(1), 83.

165.Zokaii Z, Hashemi A, Ebrahimi A,. (2012). The effects of 8 weeks Yoga practicing on spinal curves on women in mechanical low back pain Mashhad research center of physical education