مبانی نظری و پیشینه پژوهشی اثر مکمل بهار نارنج بر دفاع آنتی اکسیدانی پس از تغییرات بار تمرین در مردان واترپولوئیست

با سحافایل در خدمت شما هستیم با «پیشینه پژوهشی و تحقیق و مبانی نظری اثر مکمل بهار نارنج بر دفاع آنتی اکسیدانی پس از تغییرات بار تمرین در مردان واترپولوئیست» که بطور کامل و جامع به این مبحث پرداخته و نیاز شما را به هرگونه جستجوی بیشتری برطرف خواهد نمود.

فهرست محتوا

 

 

فصل دوم: مبانی نظری و پیشینه پژوهش

مقدمه. 9

1.2. بخش اول: مبانی نظری پژوهش.. 9

1.1.2. رادیکال آزاد 9

2.1.2. رادیکال­های آزاد (FR) و گونه­های فعال. 9

3.1.2. شکل­گیری برنامه ریزی شده ROS. 10

4.1.2. اثرات مثبت ROS. 10

5.1.2. اثرات منفی. 11

6.1.2. کاتالاز (CAT) 11

2.2. ویتامین C (اسید اسکوربیک) 11

3.2. تیپر (Taper) 11

4.2. بهار نارنج. 12

5.2. پیشینه­ی پژوهش.. 13

منابع. 45

 

مقدمه

در فصل حاضر پژوهشگر در بخش اول به مبانی نظری و در بخش دوم به پیشینه­ی پژوهش
می­پردازد.

1.2. بخش اول: مبانی نظری پژوهش

1.1.2. رادیکال آزاد

رادیکال­های آزاد ترکیبات واکنش پذیری هستند که بطورطبیعی در بدن انسان­ها تولید می­شود. آن­ها می­توانند تاثیرات مثبت (به عنوان مثال در سیستم ایمنی) یا منفی (اکسیداسیون چربی، پروتئین و DNA) داشته باشند. برای کاهش اثرات زیانبار، نیاز به یک ارگانیزم محافظت کننده، در سیستم آنتی اکسیدان است. این سیستم شامل آنزیم­های اکسیدانی (کاتالاز، گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز، سوپراکسید دیسموتاز) و اکسیدان­های غیرآنزیمی (ویتامین­های E، A و C، گلوتاتیون و اسیداوریک) هستند. بهم خوردن توازن بین تولید رادیکال­های آزاد و آنتی اکسیدان­های دفاعی منجر به فشار اکسیداتیو می­شود که می­تواند، روند فرسودگی و پاتولوژی (مثل سرطان و پارکینسون) را به همراه داشته باشد. فعالیت جسمانی باعث افزایش فشار اکسیداتیو و بهم خوردن هموستاز می­شود (ژولین^[1] و همکاران، 2006). تمرین می­تواند تاثیر مثبت یا منفی بر فشار اکسیداتیو با توجه به بار تمرین و تمرینات خاص و سطح اولیه تمرین داشته باشد. علاوه براین به نظر می­رسد فشار اکسیداتیو باعث خستگی عضلانی و نهایتا منجر به بیش تمرینی شود.

فعالیت منظم جسمانی به همراه رژیم غذایی متعادل عامل مهمی در سلامتی است. در هر حال فعالیت­های با شدت بالا می­تواند منجر به بروز بیماری، آسیب و چاقی مزمن که منجر به سندروم چاقی به دلیل سمیت رادیکال­های آزاد (FR) می­شود. تولید FR طی فعالیت جسمانی افزایش می­یابد و باعث خستگی عضلانی و بسیاری بیماری­های مربوط به سالمندی می­شود. با این حال تاثیرات مثبتی هم در سیستم ایمنی و متابولیک پایه دارند. ترکیبات آنتی اکسیدان باعث مهار FR و تاثیرات زیانبار آن می­شود. اگر تولید FR بیش از حد فعالیت آنتی اکسیدان­ها باشد، فشار اکسیداتیو سلول­ها باعث آسیب سلولی می­شود.

فعالیت جسمانی باعث افزایش تولید FR و بکارگیری آنتی اکسیدان­ها می­شود. تغذیه نقش مهمی در تولید آنتی اکسیدان­ها دارد، سطوح ناکافی ریزمغذی­ها معمولا در ورزشکاران گزارش می­شود. نشان داده شده که فشار اکسیداتیو می­تواند با شدت­های مختلف تمرین افزایش یابد. بنابراین فشار اکسیداتیو یکی از عوامل بروز سندروم بیش تمرینی است (ژولین و همکاران، 2006).

 

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