مبانی نظری و پیشینه پژوهشی تمرين مقاومتی و ويتامين D و کارکرد عضلانی

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توضیحات: فصل دوم پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد (پیشینه و مبانی نظری پژوهش)

همراه با منبع نویسی درون متنی به شیوه APA جهت استفاده فصل دو پایان نامه
توضیحات نظری کامل در مورد متغیر
پیشینه داخلی و خارجی در مورد متغیر مربوطه و متغیرهای مشابه
رفرنس نویسی و پاورقی دقیق و مناسب
منبع :انگلیسی و فارسی دارد (به شیوه APA)
نوع فایل:WORD و قابل ویرایش با فرمت doc

بخش هایی از محتوای فایل پیشینه و مبانی نظری:

فهرست محتوا

فصل دوم: مبانی نظری و پیشینه تحقیق

مقدمه12

مبانی نظری تحقیق12

2-2-1  عضله اسکلتی و باز گردش پروتئین 12

2-2-2   تنظیم مولکولی رشد عضله13

2-2-3 کنترل ترجمه سنتز پروتئین14

2-2-4 کنترل نسخه برداری و هیپرتروفی عضله اسکلتی15

2-2-5 سلولهای اقماری 17

2-2-6 مسیر های سیگنالی منتج به هیپرتروفی عضلانی19

2-2-6-1 مسیر سیگنالی کالسی نورین19

2-2-6-2 مسیر سیگنالی PI3K/Akt/mTOR20

2-2-6-2 مسیر سیگنالی PI3K/Akt/ GSK3β23

2-2-7 هورمونهای مؤثر بر توده عضله اسکلتی23

2-2-7-1 تستوسترون23

2-2-7-2 فاکتور رشد شبه انسولینی نوع یک (IGF-124

2-2-8 تولید وترشح IGF-125

2-2-9 عملکرد IGF-126

2-2-10 عوامل مؤثر بر سطوح IGF-1 موجود در گردش خون26

2-2-11 محور هورمون رشد /IGF-126

2-2-12 پروتئین اتصالی به IGF-128

2-2-13 ویتامین D29

2-2-13-1 اعمال ویتامین D 33

2-2-13-2 کمبود ویتامین D34

پیشینه پژوهش 35

2-3-1 فعالیت ورزشی ،IGF-1 و IGFBP-335

2-3-2   تغذیه، قدرت و توده ی عضلانی در افراد مسن38

2-3-2-1 تغذیه و سارکوپنیا در افراد مسن38

2-3-2-2 تمرین مقاومتی و تغذیه در افراد مسن39

2-3-2-3 ویتامین D40

 

1مقدمه

در این فصل ابتدا اصول ملکولی و مسیر های سیگنالی منتج به هیپرتروفی عضلانی توضیح داده می شود و در ادامه مبانی نظری مربوط به فاکتور رشد شبه انسولین نوع یک و مسیر مولکولی منتج به رشد عضله بررسی می شود. سپس اثرات تغذیه، با تأکید بیشتر بر مکمل ویتامین D، بر توده عضلانی بحث خواهد شد. در طول فصل حاضر مطالعات انجام شده در ارتباط با موضوع تحقیق ارائه شده است.

2-2 مبانی نظری تحقیق

2-2-1 عضله اسکلتی و باز گردش پروتئین[1]

پروتئین های بدن دارای وضعیت پیوسته ای از باز گردش هستند، یعنی مداوم پروتئین های کهنه در حال تجزیه و پروتئین های جدید سنتز می شوند. در انسان حین استراحت، میزان باز گردش پروتئین بدن تقریباً 3 تا 4 گرم به ازاء هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن در روز می باشد. در یک فرد با تعادل پروتئینی، مقدار پروتئین جدیدی که سنتز می شود، با مقدار پروتئین کهنه ای که تجزیه می شود، برابر است. تغییر در توده عضله منعکس کننده عدم تعادل بین سنتز و تجزیه پروتئین است. هرگاه مقدار سنتز بیشتراز تجزیه باشد، توده عضله افزایش می یابد، و بر عکس. روی هم رفته این فرآیند ها به طور پیوسته در جریان بوده و تحت تأثیر فاکتورهایی چون در دسترس بودن مواد غذایی، هورمونها و ورزش قرار می گیرند[41].

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