مبانی نظری و پیشینه پژوهشی مدل سازی رشد ترک در شکست هیدرولیکی به روش المان محدود در چاه های نفت و گاز

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فهرست محتوا

مکانیزم گسترش ترک

2-1- مقدمه

2-2- انواع شکست

2-3- مود های اصلی شکست

2-4- چقرمگی شکست

2-5- فاکتور شدت تنش

2-6- معیارهای شکست

2-6-1- معیار ماکزیمم تنش مماسی

2-7- تنش های نوک ترک و مؤلفه های جابجایی

2-8- محاسبه فاکتور شدت تنش

2-8-1- روش همبستگی جابجایی ها

2-8-2- تکنیک اصلاح شده بستار ترک

2-9- انتگرال J

2-9-1- انتگرال J به عنوان يك انتگرال مستقل از مسير

2-9-2- انتگرال J به عنوان يك پارامتر شدت تنش

2-9-3- حدود انتگرال‌ انرژي

2-10- روش المان محدود

2-11- فرآيند تحليل عناصر محدود

2-12- روش المان محدود توسعه یافته

2-13- اصول کلی روش المان محدود توسعه یافته

2-14- توابع غنی ساز محلی و چگونگی اعمال آنها در روش المان محدود توسعه یافته

2-15- تحلیل گسترش ترک در نرم افزار Abaqus

2-15-1- تابع غنی سازی شده

2-15-2- مدل سازی انتشار ترک به روشcohesive segment

2-15-3 تعریف نمایه غنی شده و ویژگی های آن

2-15-4- رفتار الاستیک خطی کشش-جدایش

2-15-5 مدل سازی شکست پیدایش و جهت گسترش

مراجع

 

مکانیزم گسترش ترک

 مقدمه

مکانیک شکست به بررسی رشد ترک و مکانیزم شکست می‌پردازد که مبنای آن اصلاحات و تعمیمات ایروین بر روی تئوری شکست گریفیث بوده است. در واقع مکانیزم شکست شرحی کمی بر فرایند شکست یک قطعه بکر توسط رشد ترک می‌باشد. حوزه مکانیک شکست دربرگیرنده روابط میان ماکزیمم تنش مجاز، اندازه و محل ترک، سرعت رشد ترک ناشی از اثرات محیطی، امکان جلوگیری از حرکت ترک‌ها وغیره می‌باشد. ترک‌ها و ناپیوستگی‌ها از ویژگی‌های متداول توده‌های سنگی می‌باشند و هر فعالیت تحریک‌کننده در توده‌های سنگی (مانند زلزله، انفجارسنگ در معادن، تخریب شیب های سنگی و…) ممکن است سبب جابجایی آنها در امتداد شکست‌های موجود و یا پیدایش شکست‌های جدید گردد. از طرفی دیگر می‌توان به کمک پدیده شکست، فرایندهایی کاربردی بر سنگ‌ها انجام داد (مانند شکست‌های هیدرولیک، سوراخ‌کاری، برش، انفجار، پودرسازی، آسیاب کردن و…). رهیافت مکانیک شکست در مواد سنگی بطور عمده جوانه‌زنی و رشد ترک خاص را در مواد سنگی و تحت حوزه تنش معین مورد مطالعه قرار می‌دهد. این ترک خاص می‌تواند از پیش در نمونه سنگی موجود بوده و یا طی فرآیند افزایش بار بوجود آید. رشد ترک اغلب ماهیتی ناگهانی و ناپایدار دارد. چقرمگی شکست به عنوان بارزترین پارامتر شکست بیانگر مقاومت ماده سنگی در برابر رشد ترک می‌باشد. در اغلب مواد سنگی شبه ترد دلیل اصلی شکست، رشد ترک است. بدین سبب تخمین مقدار چقرمگی شکست و فاکتور شدت تنش جهت فهم رفتار نمونه‌های سنگی از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. تست‌های چقرمگی شکست با سایر تست‌های استحکام موجود در مکانیک سنگ تفاوت عمده‌ای دارد، زیرا نمونه‌های تست باید دارای ترکی تعریف شده با مشخصات هندسی معین باشد تا بتوان اثرات ترک را در حوزه مکانیک شکست بررسی نمود.

تعاریف مورد استفاده شده در این قسمت بصورت زیر بیان می­شود:

شکست : جدایش یک جسم به دو یا چند قطعه تحت تنش اعمالی و در شرایط کاری
(دما- سرعت بار گذاری و….) [60]

شکست همواره شامل دو مرحله است :

1- جوانه زنی ترک : در این مرحله ترک ایجاد می شود.

2- رشد ترک : در این مرحله طول ترک زیاد می شود یا به اصطلاح نرم رشد می کند.

crack initiation

crack propagation

 

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