مبانی نظری و پیشینه پژوهشی اثر 8 هفته تمرین هوازی و مصرف مکمل امگا-3 بر شاخص های التهابی بیماران دیابتی نوع دو

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مقدمه

لازمه هر پژوهش آگاهی کامل در مورد پیشینه و ادبیات پژوهش است، از طرفی برای اینکه بتوان تفسیر درستی از نتایج حاصل از پژوهش ارائه کرد، بررسی نتایج پژوهش های  گذشته ضروری به نظر می­رسد. بنابراین، هدف از این فصل آشنایی با ادبیات و پیشینه پژوهش است.

2-2- مبانی نظری تحقیق

 2-2-1- چاقی

چاقی بعنوان اضافه چربی بدن تعریف می شود. ولی از نظر بالینی تعریف آن دشوار است. یکی از اندازه گیری های قابل قبول چاقی، شاخص توده بدن (BMI) می باشد. BMI از طریق تقسیم وزن بدن شخص به کیلوگرم بر مجذور قد محاسبه می شود. اضافه وزن بدن بعنوان BMI بالاتر از kg/m²  25 و چاقی  بعنوان  BMI  بالاتر از kg/m² 30 تعریف میشود(51). لیکن استفاده محض از BMI، بعنوان عامل شناسای چاقی، توزیع چربی بدن یا تفاوت در ترکیب بدن را نمایان نمی سازد(52،53). چاقی در حال رسیدن به نسبتهای اپیدمیک در ایالات متحده می باشد و در سرتاسر جهان رو به افزایش می باشد. آمار یک پژوهش که توسط گروه بررسی سلامت جهانی تنظیم شده، ثابت می کند که شیوع چاقی در بین بزرگسالان در سرتاسر جهان از 9/22 درصد در سالهای 1988 تا 1994 به 5/30 درصد در سالهای 1999 تا 2002 افزایش یافته و شیوع چاقی در بین بزرگسالان مبتلا به دیابت بالاست، 7/45 درصد  طی سالهای 1988 تا1994 و  8/54 درصد طی سالهای 1999 تا 2002 (54،55). اپیدمی دیابت نوع دو بخاطر افزایش پیوسته در سطوح چاقی می باشد زیرا جامعه ای که دیابت در آن روبه افزایش است، افزایش در چاقی هم دارد. و اینکه اضافه شدن وزن یکی از معرف های مقاومت انسولین و دیابت می باشد(56).

چاقی، بویژه چاقی احشایی، بعنوان ریسک فاکتوری برای افزایش بی نظمی های متابولیکی از جمله، بی نظمی لیپیدی، عدم تحمل گلوکز و نهایتاً دیابت نوع 2 می باشد(57). علاوه بر این چاقی ریسک فاکتوری اساسی برای امراض قلبی- عروقی (CVD) می باشد.

2-2-2-سندرم متابولیک

مجموعه ای از: تخریب متابولیسم گلوکز، افزایش چربی شکمی، دیس لیپیدمی(بی نظمی لیپیدی)، پر فشار خونی و ارتباط آنها با پیشرفتهای آتی در دیابت نوع 2 و   CVDمنعکس کننده سندرم متابولیک می باشد(31). تعریف سازمان جهانی سلامت(WHO) از سندرم متابولیکی شامل: نسبت دور کمر به باسن بیشتر از 90/0 یا BMI بیشتر kg/m² 30  و از مناسب ترین تعاریف دیابت می باشد(58).

 

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